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"America's Skills Challenge: Millennials and the Future", Closing the Achievement Gap, Common Core State Standards, ETS, High-Stakes Testing, Income Inequality, Meritocracy, Millennials, OECD, PARCC, PIAAC, SAT, STEM Fields, Testing
I actually like the Educational Testing Service (ETS). I’ve done work for them as a consultant and as an AP Reader over the years. I enjoyed most of my testing experiences with them, especially the AP US History Exam of 1986. I like many of the conferences that they host and sponsor, and they beat almost all with the spreads of food that they provide at their events. Yet even with all that, ETS’ agenda is one of promoting the ideal of a meritocratic society with a repressive regime of testing that shows beyond a shadow of a doubt the socioeconomic determinism of standardized assessments. Or, in plain English, tests that favor the life advantages of the middle class and affluent over the poor, Whites and assimilated East Asians over Blacks, Latinos, and only partially assimilated immigrants of color.
Such is the case with a nearly unreported new report from ETS. They had scheduled a press release for the “America’s Skills Challenge: Millennials and the Future” on Tuesday, February 17th at the National Press Club in Washington, DC. The organizers postponed the event, though, because of the phantom snow storm that was really a typical snow shower. So I didn’t get to ask my preliminary questions about the findings of researchers Madeline J. Goodman, Anita M. Sands, and Richard J. Coley, that despite the educational gains of the generation born after 1980, they sorely lack the skills they need for life and work in the twenty-first century. My questions? How could anyone have expected millennials to develop independent thinking, critical thinking, innovative thinking, writing and other analytical skills if they spend precious little time in their education actually doing any of these things? How would the constant barrage of high-stakes tests from kindergarten to twelfth grade have been able to instill in students ways to think outside the box, to look at issues with more than one perspective, to stand in opposition to policies based on evidence, and not just based on their gut or something they picked up from a test?

Mass of students taking high-stakes test, September 4, 2014. (http://newrepublic.com via Shutterstock).
Well, the report is worse than I thought. Goodman, Sands and Coley put together an argument that makes circular reasoning look like a Thomas the Tank Engine episode. The authors produced this first in a series of reports for ETS, relying solely on “data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC).” The PIAAC, developed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), is a survey that assesses the skill levels of a broad spectrum of people between the ages of sixteen and sixty-five, the primary working population in most developed countries (meaning the US and Canada, the EU, the Baltic states, Australia, Japan and South Korea). ETS and the authors claim that this survey instrument is better at assessing how far behind millennials in particular are when compared to “their international peers in literacy, numeracy, and problem solving in technology-rich environments (PS-TRE)” than the international testing of high school students alone. And as such, the authors concluded that
PIAAC results for the United States depict a nation burdened by contradictions. While the U.S. is the wealthiest nation among the OECD countries, it is also among the most economically unequal. A nation that spends more per student on primary through tertiary education than any other OECD nation systematically scores low on domestic and international assessments of skills. A nation ostensibly based on the principles of meritocracy ranks among the highest in terms of the link between social background and skill level. And a nation with some of the most prestigious institutions of higher learning in the world houses a college-educated population that scores among the lowest of the participating OECD nations in literacy and numeracy.
I don’t about anyone who reads my blog, but I find these conclusions smack of so much hypocrisy that they’re stomach-ache-inducing. Really? Years of promoting testing at every level of K-12 education, everything from state and district-level assessments to PARCC and Smarter Balanced Assessments, and it’s only because of growing economic inequality that US students-turned-adults don’t score well in the super-advanced, highly skilled categories? Not to mention, the SAT, AP exams, GREs, LSATs, GMATs, MCATs, Praxis I, Praxis II, and so many other ETS exams that it would cause the average psychometrician’s head to explode? Seriously?

Terrier dog chasing its own tail, March 3, 2015. (http://webmd.com).
This is yet another case of the dog chasing its own tail. A case where the $3-billion-per-year nonprofit just outside Princeton, New Jersey is sounding a clarion call for a crisis that it helped create. Not the one on the rapid rise of inequality, though its promoting of a false meritocracy through constant testing has served to lull affluent America into an intellectual coma. But in the cutting of history and social studies, literature and art, theater and music classes, from kindergarten really all the way through a bachelor’s degree program.
In the promotion of testing as the way to address achievement gaps, to deal with the so-called education crisis, so much of what was good about K-12 and even higher education has fallen away. Reading for the sake of reading and learning has drifted away, with more English and less literature in schools and at many colleges and universities than ever. Want to teach someone how to express themselves in writing, to express their numeracy in proofs? That thinking runs counter to what goes on in the Common Core school systems of 2015, meaning most people will either never develop these skills, or, if lucky, might develop them somewhere between their junior year of college and in finishing a master’s degree or doctorate. We emphasize STEM fields with billions of STEM dollars without realizing that great STEM is much more than equations and formulas. It’s also imagination, applying the ability to break down pictures, ideas, words and sentences contextually to the world of numbers and algorithms.
And don’t give me this whole “the SAT now has an essay section on it” spiel! Fact is, everyone knows that expressing their words on paper, on a screen or in speech is critical in modern societies. After almost seven decades of testing, ETS figured this out, too? What they haven’t figure out yet, though, is how to make standardized high-stakes testing a necessary for the entire working adult population in the US. Believe me, that’s where they want to head next.
“…Or, in plain English, tests that favor the life advantages of the middle class and affluent over the poor, Whites and assimilated East Asians over Blacks, Latinos, and only partially assimilated immigrants of color…”
Like you, I am a parent of “middle class, assimilated, test-taking student(s)” who would appear to be included in the victims of the ETS system. Fundamentally I agree with you that much has been lost in our teach-to-the-test environment, but what of the education system failing to successfully teach-to-the-test and resorting to “let’s change a few answers”?
I don’t know that testing is bad. I don’t know that the Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber world of Evita (when the money keeps rolling out you don’t keep books / you can tell you’ve done well by their happy grateful looks) applies to education.
I don’t know that economic inequality is the primary factor in determining test results. I know that American students don’t score as well as they should in many cases, and I know that it keeps a blank stare on my face when schools deliver poor test results or show no strides toward AYP yet complain that funding for arts and language are being cut. Why is anyone teaching little Johnny French when he doesn’t have a grasp of English?
I don’t know the future of testing. Just as Herschel Walker took the USFL money and was confident there would be a college to go later to if he needed one I do know that the $3 billion-per-year nonprofit (really) isn’t going anywhere, self-serving prophecy or not. The deterioration of intelligence is the fault of many things, but ETS is not near the top of the list.
Derrick, yours is a language of irony and sarcasm, at least from what I discerned from reading here. But if you noticed, none of my comments were from my parental perspective. I am also an educator, not just a historian, and have been doing education work about as long as I have been an academic historian. My commentary comes from the perspective of having been a student, of having scored AP exams and GRE exams, of having done work directly with ETS, of having attended their conferences and other events, from a few years of research on testing and education reform, from a few publications on the issue.
As for your realist point of view. Maybe you’re right, maybe it’s a waste of time to say that ETS isn’t going anywhere, so just deal. But that’s the kind of thinking that allows most of us to be sheep. If you’re fine with that for you and yours, that’s your right. As for me and mine, family and folks I’ve taught or will teach, it’s not fine at all. Yes, ETS is just part of the tip of the spear that is ignorance, poverty and systemic racism, but it’s an important part in the testing arena. It’s not an either-or or a black-and-white issue, it’s a both-and where I’m concerned. Meaning that while there are much larger reasons for K-12 (and some would say, K-16) being the way it is today, and that those should be addressed, ETS isn’t just some tiny startup with no influence in the shape of this river of crap.
Donald,
I do respect your POV even when I may not agree in whole or in part (it’s what should make America better – our differences). Some days I do feel like one of the many sheep being force-fed very little news or real information and being pushed into a world of fake celebrity importance and “reality” television. Reality is what we encounter daily, and most days I find myself dealing with the reality of parenting, marriage and wanting to change much but simultaneously moving the needle little beyond myself and my sons.
I think that testing is over-rated, especially in that the things we cannot grade (drive, desire, determination, integrity, access, opportunity) makes more difference than we wish to admit. Should ETS maintain non-profit status? I think so, or at least not lose it before the NFL and NCAA. Should colleges rely less on this testing, or is it the necessary evil of the admissions process (easier and more transparent) compared to each school having to develop and administer its’ own test? Again, the answer is likely yes.
I must concede I have become calloused and somewhat indifferent to the systemic shortcomings of public education. Watching from the suburbs as Detroit schools crumbled (then replacing that view for Philadelphia) teaches me that the problems aren’t geographic (though I must admit that in general education is better on the east coast). ETS has great influence – possibly too much – but they aren’t at the tip of the spear: ETS is a tape or plastic sealant which masks the real problems by providing meaningless statistics and answers to the wrong questions.
Keep writing, and I’ll keep reading.
~Derrick
What I meant at the beginning of my previous response was that your first response was dripping with irony and sarcasm, and that in this sense, we’re a lot alike. Yours may be more about the reality that few things can be changed by the powerless (or less powerful?), whereas mine is actually based on enjoying the contradictions in life, in this case, ETS’s. Yes, there are much bigger issues in the field beyond ETS. However, ETS is a problem, a long-term cause that’s linked to over a century of testing, not just a symptom. At this point, though, it’s best that we disagree to disagree on this. And, keeping reading! Thanks.
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