AP Exam Blues


For so many high-potential high school students, this week represents an interesting, if excruciating privilege. This is traditionally AP Exams Week for this group of students. By the hundreds of thousands, these sophomores, juniors and seniors will sit for three hours at a time to take college-equivalent exams in well over thirty subjects. Theoretically, a student could come out of this week having achieved sophomore standing, with at least 24 credits of college taken care of before throwing their caps in the air at their high school graduation ceremony.

But it can also be a week of torture, disappointment, even bitterness for those whose classes, studying, and teachers did little to prepare them for these exams. Unlike my first foray into the land of AP exams my junior year — where I was among three students who scored “5s” on the AP American History exam — my senior year of AP classes didn’t come close to yielding the same results.
Over a two-day period in the second week of May ’87, I took AP English, AP Calculus, and AP Physics on consecutive days. AP English was Monday afternoon, and I was cruising through the exam until I hit the essay questions. My time management was so poor that I barely started the second of two essay questions before time ran out. AP Calculus was the next morning, and I felt much, much better about that. It was the easier of the exam’s two versions, Calc AB. I figured that I scored at least a 3 on it.
Then there was AP Physics A, B, and C Wednesday afternoon. All but our valedictorian took the easier versions. But for us, this was hardly easy. “J”, who had paid our valedictorian to tutor him in the weeks before the exam, just started laughing in the middle of it all, knowing that he was putting the nails in his own coffin. “You get a 1 for just signing your name,” he snickered. I was determined to get at least a 2, but that would’ve meant learning something useful from our teacher David  Wolf other than how to hang students out to dry. 
I knew as the proctor asked us to put our pencils down that I scored a 1 on the exam. It was confirmed a month later. I also scored a 3 on AP Calc, good enough for earning college credit at some schools — but not at Pitt — and a disappointing 2 on the AP English test. Our valedictorian scored a 5 on the AP Calc BC, AP Physics C, and AP Biology exams, and a 4 on the AP English exam. She guaranteed herself twenty-seven college credits, counting her 5 score from the AP American History exam the year before. Our valedictorian was a college sophomore a full month before we graduated from high school.
Admittedly, I spent most of my senior year distracted between 616 and school, the Mets, the NY football Giants and crush #2. It wouldn’t have been the greatest year even if I’d only taken regular Humanities courses. With three AP courses, it was too much to manage while still at home. If that were the only factor in all of this, senioritis and my constant struggle for time to study and being a surrogate father/older brother/errand boy would be the only thing to talk about here. But it wasn’t.
I struggled in all three of my AP classes my senior year, but none worse than in AP Physics. Even without studying, I managed Cs and C+s in AP English and AP Calculus during the first third of the school year before kicking my efforts up a couple of notches. Not so in AP Physics. David Wolf was having a bad year, and it seemed like it was his intent to make our year as miserable as possible. He taught the far more difficult AP Physics C version of this Physics course, involving mechanics, electricity and magnetism. It was the equivalent of second semester Physics right from the start, and most of us needed at least a semester of Calculus to keep up with the class. Our valedictorian was more than ready, and the only person able to solve Wolf’s multidimensional problems. After all, she had spent about 200 hours — pretty much every spare moment she had between work and family — during the summer of ’86 with our Physics and Calculus textbooks preparing for this class. Things like understanding wind drag and gravity, velocity and the physical properties of work, meters per second squared and foot-pounds, Joules and amps took me most of the year to grasp when our valedictorian was practically using third-semester Calculus to build the Great Pyramids by comparison.
At first I saw this as a new challenge that I could take on and will myself through. After the first two months of the year, it crossed my mind that struggling through this course wasn’t worth it. My knowledge of mechanics equations and the calculus involved to understand and calculate these relative motions of objects was limited to what I’d been learning in AP Calc, a complete mismatch. On our first big exam, only two out of seven of us passed. My grade was a 22, and it was still the fourth-best grade on the exam. I knew then that taking AP Physics was a mistake.
As if this wasn’t bad enough, Wolf berated us in class. We were “lazy,” “too smart for [our] own good,” and “didn’t deserve to be in this class.” On top of that, Wolf’s supervisor, Science Department Chair Estelle Abel, came into our class soon after this exam. In three-and-a-quarter years of MVHS, I’d never met the woman, never seen her in the hallways, and never heard a classmate speak of her. For about fifteen seconds, I found myself surprised by the fact that she was Black. Then she opened up her mouth. “I suspect that all of you realize that you’ve gotten in over your heads. I expect each of you to drop this course before you embarrass yourselves any further.” She directed some of her attention to me, saying, “and you should be ashamed of yourself!” Wow, I thought. I knew a 22 was way below my own standards, but there were at least three other students with lower scores than me. The order of the scores didn’t matter to me too much. But Wolf having his boss come into class and embarrass us into dropping just left me pissed. 
This was the first time that we had a teacher who was more interested in humiliating us than in teaching us. We had plenty of teachers in the recent past who weren’t interested in being good and energetic teachers. This was different. Wolf had an ax to grind. Meltzer might have been the best teacher I ever had, someone who gave us a glimpse of what college would be like at its best. Wolf was the equivalent of a more typical college professor, a sink-or-swim teacher with no ability to help other students grasp his material, and no sympathies for students other than his best ones.
By the time I had finished the AP Physics exam seven months later, I realized that a lot of what I was doing was out of a combination of my own curiosity and need to compete with the best and brightest in my school. It wasn’t as if I had planned on majoring in Physics or Civil Engineering at Pitt. I could have easily taken AP Biology, or better still, taken AP European History or AP American Government. I had wasted $53 of my summer of ’86 earnings on a class that wouldn’t matter on my college or high school transcripts.
It did teach me a few important lessons about college and about education. That not all people who are teachers or professors really know how to teach, or want to know how to teach, or think about the relationship of courses in their teaching. That students at the postsecondary or near postsecondary level should and must take responsibility for their own learning, even if it means taking a course in which they might not do particularly well (that was me in third-semester Calculus my junior year). And that taking a class to prove to anyone other than yourself that you can master material that is of interest to you — and in which others have suggested you can’t master — is a horrible reason for taking a course. 
For these reasons, it was good to have David Wolf and AP Physics my senior year — it helped prepare me for graduate school. It also makes me a better teacher every time I remind myself of what bad teaching looks like.

Running Away


This isn’t about me, at least not directly. It’s about my younger brother Maurice. It was twenty years ago yesterday that he didn’t come home from William H. Holmes Elementary School. It was the beginning of the final month of my mother’s so-called marriage to my now ex-stepfather Maurice. And it was the beginning of a bumpy ride, to say the least.

It happened right after I returned from my second year at Pitt, flush with money but with only about three weeks to look for a summer job. In the meantime, I came home to a pigsty. It was the filthiest I’d ever seen our apartment at 616, not that there was that much to dirty. The entire hallway and foyer had bags full of dirty clothes piled up to wash. Some of the bags had overflowed. There was an endless amount of dust along the washboards of the hallway walls, as if they were in bomber formation. Trash and food were all over the kitchen, and the once-brown carpet in the living room was literally black and gray from Eri’s spills and my stepfather’s feet and oily body. I had steeled myself for the disconnect between my life at Pitt versus 616, but almost nothing could’ve prepared me for that. Boxes of my stuff from Welsford were coming in at the beginning of the week, so I knew it would be impossible to walk into the house if they were stacked in the foyer too. So I did what I always had done, only with some righteous indignation. I sorted two or three bags of clothes, made Darren get our siblings dressed, and went down to Pelham to wash clothes.

Over the next two weeks, that was mostly what I did it seemed, wash pile after pile of dirty clothes. I figured that there were about six weeks of clothes sitting in the hallway and foyer the day I came home. I also cleaned up as much as I could, got my siblings out of the apartment. I didn’t have much help. My mother was taking three courses at Westchester Business Institute that quarter. Darren had taken a job as a courier down in the city with a company that had a weird name, something with Blake in it. He was a foot courier. Darren had neither a license nor a bike. On weekends Darren would just lie around on his bed, or worse, he’d spontaneously jump up and down in his room with a big grin on his face, about what I didn’t know. My stepfather Maurice had gotten a job with the Mount Vernon Sanitation Department in February. He was a garbage man, an irony too delicious for my mother to leave alone. “Of all the jobs out there, ‘garbage’ goes and become’s a garbage man,” she laughed sarcastically on a couple dozen occasions. Their fights were every day now, with constant and open name-calling to boot. It was the worst I’d seen it since before my mother had been beaten up by Maurice seven years before.

So it was that on the tenth of May, with everything going on between my mother and my stepfather, Darren in his own world and my own hands full with my younger siblings that no one noticed that my brother Maurice hadn’t made it home from school. He was almost ten, but he still didn’t have friends he hung out with. I started worrying about an hour after he should’ve been home. I asked Yiscoc, Sarai and Eri if they’d seen him at Holmes during the day. Of course none of them knew anything, a sign that my mother and their father’s willful ignorance of the world around them had penetrated all of their heads. By 7 pm, I was really worried, to the point where I told my stepfather that I thought his son was missing. “Whatcha want me to do about it, look for him?,” he laughed. I was so horrified that I immediately called the cops to report my brother missing.

Just before my mother came home from class, the police called back to report that Maurice had been found, safe and somewhat sound. He was in Fort Lee, New Jersey, and having soiled his clothes from the long and unending walk. I went downstairs to wait for my mother, bumping into our neighbor Helene along the way. She had this “What’s wrong?” look on her face, so I told her what was going on. My mother had made it to the front steps of 616 by then. Within a few minutes, Helene was giving us a ride in one of the Milton limos to pick up Maurice from the police station in Fort Lee. “He must’ve have walked twenty or twenty-five miles,” I said as we merged on the Bronx River Parkway. It turned out it was only somewhere between fifteen and twenty miles. My younger brother somehow figured his way through the Bronx and into Manhattan, taking Route 9 and Broadway through the Bronx, crossed the Broadway Bridge into Manhattan, and followed the signs to the George Washington Bridge. From there Maurice found his way onto the pedestrian path on the upper deck of the mile-long bridge across the Hudson and meandered his way to nearby Fort Lee before the police picked him up. When we finally arrived and saw him, I was really happy that he wasn’t hurt. I wasn’t angry at him, I just wanted to know why. My mother hardly said anything herself. When I asked Maurice, “What were you thinking?,” he said “I don’t want to go home!” That was all he said the whole ride back in Helene’s car. When we got back, we both thanked Helene, and my mother attempted to give her money for the ride, which she didn’t accept.

But it was more than enough, at least for my mother. She laid into my stepfather after we cleaned my brother up, fed him, and sent him to bed. For big Maurice’s part, he just left the house, presumably to carouse with another one of his victims.

My brother Maurice was in fourth-grade Special Ed at the time, labeled as mildly mentally retarded with an IQ of 78. And he was in a way. Holmes and the Mount Vernon Board of Education had no idea that my brother had been physically abused at the ripe old age of six months, beaten by my stepfather because “he was cryin’ too much.” Neglected often while I was in sixth and seventh grade, as my idiot stepfather rarely changed his diapers or fed him during the school day. My brother Maurice’s childhood was a disaster, and with the whole Hebrew-Israelite thing, he might’ve been better off homeless. Years of chaos, poverty, and abuse and lack of food must’ve had some impact on my younger siblings, especially Maurice, as he lived through the worst of it all. Putting him and Yiscoc in Special Ed at five or six years old seemed rash, a cruel punishment for kids barely old enough to understand what was happening. I refused to believe that either of them were actually retarded. Certainly life at 616 had stunted their mental development. Retarded? Sure, if by that they meant that my mother and stepfather never read stories to them, took them places to learn about the world, or even took them to the park to play. That role usually fell on my shoulders.

So I didn’t blame Maurice for running away. He had many reasons to run. It was a watershed moment in a eight-year period of drama and grinding impoverished boredom. Within two months, my stepfather and my mother would be well on their way to divorce, my older brother Darren on his way to moving out. And I would begin my journey away from seeing myself as the surrogate parent to my siblings and surrogate husband to my mother.

Finding Forrester


Rob Brown as Jamal Wallace in Finding Forrester (2000) Screen Shot. (http://filmdope.com).

This week I was reminded of why Boy At The Window was necessary for me to write, and for others to read. I watched, probably for about the fifteenth or sixteenth time, Finding Forrester. For those of you who don’t know, it’s a coming-of-age movie about finding your own path, even in the midst of racial stereotypes and arrogant affluence, the blending of multiple worlds. With Rob Brown and Sean Connery as the lead actors, it actually is one of the better movies of this decade. But if you’re asking me, it’s among my top five movies since 2000.

What takes Finding Forrester from the vaguely plausible to the real in my book starts with Rob Brown. He played a character in Jamal Wallace that had to have so much more depth to him than most people would think possible. An incredibly smart and withdrawn teenager who hides all of those things when he’s with his friends or in public school somewhere in the Bronx, presumably in or near the South Bronx. A well-developed basketball player who spends at least an equal amount of time keeping a journal of his writings, reading Coleridge and Tolstoy and numerous other literary giants. All of this, and his face for most of the movie is as blank as a clean chalkboard at the beginning of a new school year.

That face. That’s the first thing that I responded to when watching Finding Forrester for the first time in February ’01. It reminded me of my face when I was in high school, especially my last two years at MVHS. I’ve discussed it before. Brown’s character might’ve concealed intelligence and an intellectualism that most academicians would envy with his face. It may have hidden the emotional scars of a father who abandoned him and his family. It certainly kept under wraps the hardships that the character lived with every day at home and in a New York City public school. But that where the similarities end. My face also hid my contempt for the politics — racial, socioeconomic, academic and athletic — that I saw play out every day for the six years I was in Humanities and the four years I was in MVHS. My late teacher and mentor Harold Meltzer said as much to me one day about how he could see the “laughter in my eyes” about all the hypocrisy that was MVHS for me in eleventh and twelve grade.

That wasn’t my only takeaway from Finding Forrester. Sean Connery — who has a tendency to be a bit over the top, and has done more than his share of God-awful movies — really does a great job playing the reclusive writer William Forrester. Having written a bestselling, Pulitzer-Prize-winning novel about life and death and loss and suffering didn’t seem to help Connery’s character, who had spent the better part of five decades scared to experience life again. His life, his world, had gone cold after his brother and parents died within months of each other in the 1950s. His agoraphobia had kept him from recovering from this grand-scale tragedy until Brown’s character shows up in his life.

For most people, the likelihood that a depressed and hermetic White guy would become friends with a sixteen-year-old Black male who guarded his every facial expression and kept his writing and other non-athletic talents a state secret borders on the impossible. Yet I know all too well how the impossible become real. Whether the person’s name is Meltzer, or Lazarus, or Lacey, or any number of unlikely friendships I’ve had over the past quarter century, I’ve learned that age, race, gender, sexual orientation, and religion are only barriers if we make them such. The most important component of any friendship, or any mentoring relationship, is an intellectual bond that allows folks in the friendship to learn lessons from each other. Without this, all friendships are superficial.

Just as important as the lesson of friendships and difference is the lesson of finding one’s own path. Finding Forrester from the very beginning isn’t a movie about how an elderly White guy helps out a poor and worthless African American boy. Nor is it simply about a Black kid shunning his world for a White one. It’s about finding balance between two worlds that rarely meet outside of sports, entertainment and crime. After Brown’s character is “outed” by high test scores, he’s accepted by one of NYC’s private academies for the destined-to-go-to-an-Ivy-League crowd. Of course, the fact that he’s an excellent basketball player helps him as well. The character Jamal Wallace finds himself very quickly negotiating multiple worlds, all of which he’s in, but not necessarily of.

Obviously I didn’t go to a prep school that I could barely afford to send Noah to now. But being in Humanities classes full of folks from middle class and affluent families within a working-class, working poor and welfare poor school district, and coming home to 616 — the land of ignorance, poverty, abuse and younger siblings — would cause most people’s heads to spin. I could’ve, with some work, used basketball as a vehicle to traverse these worlds, I guess. That wasn’t my way. I became an academic achiever and knew I could write well — but didn’t quite see myself as a writer — long before I realized I had the height and athletic skills necessary to knock down a seventeen-foot jumper. As my so-called MVHS counselor Sylvia Fasulo said about me, “There goes Donald, always daring to be different,” a sarcastic refrain she used more than once.

Finding William Forrester did help Brown’s character find his own way in life. As a writer. As a person with integrity and intelligence. As a whole human being. Still, the character Jamal Wallace possessed all of these traits and used them long before meeting Forrester at the age of sixteen. Brown’s character and his friendship with Forrester gave him access to the career choice he wanted, confidence in the abilities he possessed, and a sense that he had more control over his life than he had dared imagine before. It took me a bit longer to begin to find myself, to make my own way and follow my own path. It’s hard to break away from a past of pain and betrayal with little to guide you. But I did. I had to. And I used every experience and every lesson I could to do so. It helps that a few others were there along the way to help, and for me to help them as well.

The Legend of “Captain Zimbabwe”


“CAPTAIN . . . ZIMBABWE!” was what “A” spontaneously yelled out loud to me one day in Doris Mann’s art class. It was late in the school year that was seventh grade, sometime in the middle of May ’82. I didn’t know where A got the idea for his new nickname for me. All I can remember was that I was wearing the same white shirt I’d worn on the first day of school, only that after about fifteen washes it probably wasn’t as white anymore. Of course I had my white kufi on. I’m sure it needed some washing. I probably needed a haircut, and being the tweener I was, I didn’t exactly wash, clean, grease up and comb out my knotty roots the way I needed to. My best guess was that A took a look at me in class and decided I looked like some primitive African attempting to wear Western-style clothing for the first time, as if I were in some Tarzan film or some other movie with Whites on safari.

It pissed me off to no end that A would say such a thing. What made it worse was that the “Captain Zimbabwe” moniker stuck in the minds of several of my other 7S classmates. A.N., A.Z., A.C., and others from the “Italian Club” picked up on A’s cue and took turns calling me “Captain Zimbabwe” for the rest of the year. I protested as much as I could. I said that they didn’t know what they were talking about. I certainly didn’t like being called it. Among other classmates, my eventual crush #2 and even crush #1 protested on my behalf. But to no avail. Even if they didn’t call me “Captain Zimbabwe” in homeroom or in English or in art class, we all had Italian together, and there weren’t any other non-Italian classmates around who’d step in on my behalf. So for the last month of the year, I’d occasionally have to hear this weird chant of “Captain Zimbabwe” from the Italian Club in Italian class. It was probably the closest, wittiest term they could come up with without calling me a nigger.

What struck me as odd during this latest episode of “Making Fun of Donald” was that it was contained to a specific group of boys in Italian class and that it didn’t spill over into all of 7S. I never understood “Captain Zimbabwe” as anything other than a racial slur. Something that A and company thought that they could get away with because it wasn’t obviously racist, at least to them. They assumed that others in 7S would have their back. Once they realized that other classmates weren’t all that cool with calling me “Captain Zimbabwe,” they were smart enough to just do it in Italian before our teacher—who was usually late—showed up.

Besides the looks of meanness and glee that appeared on A’s and others faces during these rounds of calling out “Captain Zimbabwe,” something else struck me as weird. Of all the folks in our class, I was surprised that A.Z. was involved in this. Not that A.Z. wouldn’t have participated. But given the fact that he was part Black as well as part Italian, it would’ve made sense for him to have sat this one out. That he didn’t was interesting only in understanding how much more he identified more as Italian in Italian class versus how he may have seen himself outside of Italian. He certainly didn’t identify himself as similar to me. I was too weird, too different to be considered “Black” by him. He let me know as much on any number of occasions. That ability to establish different parts of his identity in different settings may have justified A.Z.’s participation in the “Captain Zimbabwe” teases, but I saw it as a betrayal anyway.

A was by far the leader and the most interesting contradiction-of-a-person in what I called the “Italian Club” even before we had an Italian Club in high school. His was a world of cool, at least an updated ’80s Italian version of it. He acted like he was a twelve-year-old John Travolta with blond hair and blue eyes. Or like a younger version of “The Fonz,” Arthur Fonzerelli as played by Henry Winkler on Happy Days, still a hit TV show on ABC by the time we started seventh grade. The way the A.N., A.Z., A.C., J.S. and D.M. spent time with him, you would’ve thought so. The way some of the Italian girls would seem to swoon over him and laugh at his constant banter in class, you would’ve thought A was a future rock star, Billy Idol or something.

But A wasn’t cool, at least not to the rest of us, and certainly not to me. He was a smart ass who didn’t know when to stop making light of folks and their faults. Like the times he’d just go after Brandie Weston about being fat. I don’t remember his multitude of comments, just the fact that he made them. It wasn’t that Brandie didn’t respond. But how often would anyone want to get into a war of words with A, especially since the more you said the more excited he was about saying something even more outrageous or offensive in response? After a few months, I learned to just lodge my own protests but otherwise ignore him. It wasn’t worth the time and effort to yell, complain, plead and threaten A when he went into his Rodney Dangerfield mode. To be a good class comedian, it’s as important to know when to stop as it is to deliver a good joke.

Only A never knew when to stop. A couldn’t just stop with touching a nerve by joking about any fault he noticed about you. Your identity was often a topic to poke fun at, especially if you seemed uncomfortable with it or if you were more than a little different. It wasn’t just me that A went after. The Jewish students got to hear A’s rendition of The Beatles’ “Hey Jude,” where he’d sing “Nah, Nah, Nah, Nah, Nah-nah-nah-nah, Nah-nah-nah-nah, Hey Jew. . . .” One girl in my eighth grade homeroom was a “monkey” and a “baboon,” two references to her West Indian heritage and her au naturale. Although he never said it to the biracial (or at least, allegedly so) in our classes directly, the terms “mixed” and “mutt” were ones that he’d use if they peeved him in any way. It was usually meant for only A.N. to hear, though.

A must’ve fallen in love with the Eddie Murphy film 48 Hours, because every chance he got he sang The Police’s “Roxanne” refrain the same annoying way Eddie Murphy did in the film. I can still remember his “Roooooxxxxanne” yelp as A walked into class on many a morning. A also loved to belt out Devo’s “Whip It” as a subliminal message to some of our Italian female classmates on occasion. In eighth grade, A and A.N. came up with the brilliant “kufis-on-the-half-shell” joke to make fun of my multi-holed hat.

A wasn’t all bad. Whenever students outside of Humanities picked on me and he was around, he came to my defense. There was an incident in eighth grade in which a Black kid snatched my kufi from my head and started to run up the hall with it. The incident occurred as me, A, and D.M. were in the middle of an errand for a teacher. I immediately ran the boy down, knocked him to the floor, dusted off my kufi, and put it back on my head. The boy got up and threatened to beat me up. It was at this point that A intervened, saying that he would “have to take on all of us” if he wanted to fight me.

It could be that by then that A had matured. But that wouldn’t be the whole truth. I think that despite all of his search-and-destroy efforts that A never got over the fact that there were other students—Jewish, Black, Afro-Caribbean, affluent White, Latino, Biracial and female—whom were at least as smart and as witty as he was. Not only wasn’t he the smartest kid in class, he wasn’t the coolest either, certainly not outside his cloistered Italian Club.

A didn’t seem comfortable with the reality of an academically-gifted multicultural classroom until we were in tenth grade. By then, for so many of us, A was an academic afterthought, someone who could be a pain in the ass, but otherwise was somewhat harmless, like a gnat in the summertime heat. I learned to like A only because I saw him more and more as a class clown that likely had larger issues at home than any one of us would ever want to know. I could see it because I could look at my life at 616 and see how little anyone really knew about me as well.

Why didn’t folks come to each other’s defense when A was on the prowl? My best guess was that it was the fear of competition, of giving anyone in Humanities an added advantage. It was a fear, a worry, an anguish that was with most of us every day regardless of race, ethnicity, gender, religion or level of affluence. Perhaps A and his lot could get away with their brand of verbal harassment because the alternative meant sticking your neck out for someone whom you might prefer not to be in competition with in the future. If you were weak enough to knuckle under because A called you a “monkey” or a “brainiac” for a month, then you didn’t deserve to be in Humanities. A program where the ultimate show of strength was your grades. Not to mention your ability to negotiate the social terrain of the in-crowd, the folks from Grimes and Pennington who’d been taking courses together since at least second or fourth grade. If you failed in one, you had a chance to redeem yourself with the other. If you failed at both, you’d likely either drop out of Humanities or fade into the background.

————————————————————–

I interviewed A for Boy At The Window in March ’07. Sometimes it’s amazing how much a person can change in two decades. This wasn’t the same person I met in 7S or by the time we graduated high school in ’87. He seemed more humble, more truthful, more accepting of people not like him than the person who spent a month calling me “Captain Zimbabwe” so long ago.

So I asked him about the Captain Zimbabwe taunt and where that came from. “I never called you that!,” A said, likely realizing that he actually did. He’d borrowed the title from one of his older neighborhood friends. That friend had called a mutual friend of theirs “Captain Zimbabwe” because of his dark brown dot in the middle of his Italian forehead, “like the red dot Hindus have,” A explained. “That’s where Captain Zimbabwe came from.” His explanation made me chuckle. It was the first time I admitted to myself how goofy the bigoted joke was. How many kids even knew about Zimbabwe (known as Southern Rhodesia until ’80) when we were growing up, or know about the nation now? I think we both knew how racist the “Captain Zimbabwe” label was, but it still required some level of nerdy wit to coin the title in the first place.

A’s identity issue revolved around being cool, not cool and White or cool and Italian, just cool. That our other Italian classmates gravitated to A because of his coolness reflected as much their insecurities in Humanities as it did A’s. Because he was younger that most of the kids he grew up with in his Mount Vernon enclave near Davis, he was motivated to attract their attention, to be the best jokester and athlete he could be. “The only thing I could do get acceptance was to play baseball,” A said. He learned by seventh grade that “it wasn’t cool to be smart,” especially around Davis’ majority African American student body. Davis’ Black students were “different . . . they were older, bigger, bully types.” With all of us grouped together in Humanities, A thought that it was his obligation to fight the nerd tag. “Back then, of course I thought I was cool” and “a freakin’ know-it-all . . . when I met you in 7S, I knew I could push you around,” he said.

I’m in no way condoning A’s use of “Captain Zimbabwe” toward me, or any of his other Rush Limbaugh-like comments towards my other former classmates for that matter. I’m merely empathizing, if only to understand how different folks from different backgrounds approach a weird and nerdy multicultural environment. The irony is, A’s married to a Puerto Rican (or Nuyorican, I guess) woman and has two kids, and seems to be generally comfortable with other people now. Maybe Humanities contributed to that, maybe it didn’t. The important lesson here is that people can and do change, even if it takes years for them to do so. The “Captain Zimbabwe” episode made me tougher in school, and five years of Humanities may well have made A more sensitive to his own bigotry. Perhaps there’s hope for us all.

Why Don’t Brothas Bring Their Own Basketballs?


This might not be the most pressing question I’ve ever faced, but it’s still an important one. I’ve been playing basketball pretty much year-round since ’92. I’ve played pickup basketball, intramural basketball, basketball with friends, and mostly just shot around, trying to make myself into a mediocre basketball player. At thirty nine, my jump shot range has declined a bit, but I can still make the occasional NBA-range three-point shot. I’ve been working on my mid-range jump shot the past two years, trying to get it consistently around forty percent — without a hand in my face. Even with these caveats, most of my friends — the ones that are in the DC area, that is — refuse to play basketball with me. Their either not interested or see no point playing with someone who’s at least six inches taller than them. Oh well! 

So I find myself most of the time on public courts, not necessarily looking for a pickup game. It’s become my alone time, a hour or ninety minutes of getting away from it all, of private contemplation, in between layup drills, working out jump shot mechanics, distances and angles, working on turn-around jumpers and jump hooks and post-up moves. I also put in about ten minutes of stretching so that I don’t pull anything. Somewhere in all of that, a brotha shows up — usually between eighteen and forty years old — dressed for something other than basketball or for some other kind of workout. They walk on my side of the court, stand behind me while I’m at work. I can’t hear them because I have my iPod on, trying to get into some kind of rhythm. Next thing you know, I miss a shot, they run down the ball and start shooting with me.
It drives me nuts, because it’s not as if the rest of the court has anyone else out there playing three-on-three or a game of 21 or 33 (depends on what rules folks bring from their upbringing). In the past couple of years, I’ve become stingier. I tell people point-blank that I’m not interested in sharing my basketball with them, or that I don’t want to play them one-on-one. I’ll even ask, “Where’s your basketball?” Most of them sigh and walk away. A few have gotten mad, asked me why, or told me I sucked. On that last point, I responded, “Well, at least I suck with my own basketball!” On why, I say that “this is my time,” which I know that they don’t get.
What I don’t get is why brothas would bother showing up to a basketball court without their own basketball. And please don’t tell me that this has anything to do with poverty. Even at my poorest, we had a basketball at 616. I didn’t use it much, but it was there. The cheap ball cost about $6 or $7. Even now, you can go to a Kmart or Target and get a ball for about $10. And if some of you think I’m being selfish, keep in mind that I often share my ball with kids, allow folks passing by to take a few shots, and am otherwise willing to give other people a chance to shoot around for a few minutes. Some of these brothas, though, I can tell that they want to go twelve rounds with me, even with a jump shot that would’ve embarrassed me in high school. With time as precious as it is in my life, I say “No” because I need to.
I guess the best explanation has something to do with how some of us approach life. Unfortunately, so many of us approach life from moment to moment, not thinking much more than a week or weekend or two ahead in our lives. There may be a need to, but many of us don’t see the need to think that far ahead. For some brothas, it revolves around the sense of hopelessness and defeat in their lives, between poverty, working for peanuts, the self-inflicted difficulties and societal roadblocks that come with being Black men in America. 
I don’t want to make this more complicated that it really is. But if that is someone’s background — as I know from firsthand experience — then it doesn’t make sense to think beyond the next weekend or the next work week, because there isn’t that much to look forward to. So when a brotha sees me out there exerting maximum effort on a basketball court, working on different shots or running my own layup drill, it’s natural for them to want to partake, especially since they figure they might be able to take me.
It’s that same kind of mentality I’ve seen with my brothers and my Black (in this case, African American students more so than Afro-Caribbean or African) male students. Generally, they don’t think too far ahead and are afraid to embrace their aspirations, because working to fulfill might take longer than hanging out at the club on a Friday or Saturday night. They tend to get angry at a drop of a hat if I suggest that they need to organize their lives better or if they have work to do on themselves in order to be better students or expect things to work out for them. I’ve been there. I have that same anger that makes me feel that this socially constructed world in which I inhabit won’t be satisfied until I relinquish all of my hopes and dreams. 
What many folks — brothas especially — don’t understand that the path to something better requires a plan. It doesn’t have to be a well-thought-out one either. Just enough of a plan where you can take a few steps, a plan that allows some flexibility, some options, the ability to ad-lib if necessary. My plans for my life weren’t that well thought out at all. I knew I needed to get out of 616 and Mount Vernon and go to college to fulfill them. I didn’t think much beyond the age of twenty-one when I was seventeen. I honestly wasn’t sure if I’d make it to thirty, as silly as this sounds now. Yet I had a plan.
I look at my older brother Darren and my three younger brothers and am often baffled. Even with my example, lots of advice, and their own experiences banging their heads against the brick walls of life, they still often make decisions that are extremely short-sighted. On choosing a postsecondary institution, over the past twenty years or so, three of my four brothers have chosen the following: American Business Institute (one semester, part-time), Westchester Community College (one and a half semesters, part-time), Interborough College (three semesters, part-time), Monroe College (two semester, part-time), and American Intercontinental University (certificate program, computer technician). None of them have completed their certificate or associate’s programs. The other brother has failed the GED exam four times. The subject he’s having trouble in — Social Studies! In one afternoon, I probably could’ve taught him enough history to major in the subject. I’ve even tried the approach that promotes college as a place to meet intelligent and attractive women, which hasn’t worked at all.
Why, when Hunter College and the other seventeen CUNY schools, not to mention other colleges, are within a short Subway or Metro-North ride away from Mount Vernon, would someone choose proprietary schools that are both expensive and are revolving doors for students who can ill afford to drop out? Because these other no-name schools have tapped into this sense of short-sightedness, promising short cuts to a degree or certificate that will likely not help on the job market. The most vulnerable among us prefer this to a community college or other four-year institution that would force us to commit to achieving a portion of our dreams and aspirations.
I’m not in the greatest position to explain these pitfalls to my brothers or the brothas in my classrooms. They see me as someone with a PhD across my chest, as if I have no idea how hard it is to overcome both myself and my circumstances to get a degree. My siblings think that because I left Mount Vernon so long ago that I somehow forgot about the hardships of poverty, that my life in Pittsburgh was a party, and that my life now looks like a Ludacris video on steroids. Ha! 
All I can say is what Chris Rock said in his Bringing the Pain concert in ’96. “Life isn’t short. Life is looong. Especially when you make the wrong decisions,” he said, getting his crowd in DC to stop laughing for a moment. He’s right. A lot of those “wrong decisions” are also short-sighted, disorganized ones. My hope is that Boy At The Window can provide a sense of how to make better decisions, of coming up with real, dream-inspired plans that stretch our lives beyond the next paycheck or next party.

My Best Friend


This week marks thirty (30) years since I became friends with my one-time best friend, Starling Churn (I have permission to use his real name for all things related to Boy At The Window). It was the time of Billy Joel and Christopher Cross, Donna Summer’s “Last Dance” and Kenny Loggins’ “This Is It,” not to mention Earth, Wind & Fire and The Commodores. It was the tail end of fourth grade, the year that I discovered that I really was smart. And weird. And in need of a friend whose interest in the intellectual somewhat matched my own.

I did have other friends, other classmates I talked to or walked home with. Guys with names like Joe and Roger, Demetrius and Anthony, and a few others. None of them wanted to talk about much more than school or games or sports, not that I objected very often. We were all of nine or ten years old, and still figuring ourselves out. Still, much wasn’t the same for me after six weeks of being grounded for running away from home at the end of ’78 and into ’79 (see postings in December ’07 and December ’08). Escaping into World Book Encyclopedia and the world of books helped me in my acceptance of my mother’s second marriage and transform me into an above-average student at the same time. That put me in competition with Starling.

Ours was a friendship that began and ended with a fight, the first one on April 27, the last one, two years later, both on Fridays. In one sense, the reason for our preteen brotherly bond was also a key reason for our two fights. We were fighting over who was the smartest in our school. Silly, immature, nerdy and geekish I know, but all so true.

Our school was William H. Holmes Elementary School, one built in the mid-50s with the best of modern school architecture in mind. The back of the two-story building included a softball field, another field that was often used for flag football, a small asphalt playing area which sometimes subbed as a fifty-yard dash track, and a sloped wooded area that covered nearly a quarter-acre. Next door was the Mount Vernon Board of Education, giving the school immediate access to the district’s offices, if not its resources. This was a truly suburban K-6 school, one that could justify some of my innocence and naivete.

The back lot and wooded area between Holmes and the Board of Education was where we fought after school that April day. I won, between ripping up Starling’s shirt with a nail, punching him in the mouth, and knocking him to the ground. He ran home crying and yelling that I’d cheated in the fight by using a nail to make him look worse off than he actually was. I was just happy that I won, but sad because I had embarrassed him in front of about a dozen or more of our classmates. The following Monday, I called a truce at lunch time, and began a conversation with Starling that would last the next two years.

Starling was the first person of the same age I had ever talked to about politics, race, religion, girls, science, music, math, and war without being made to feel like I was an oddball. I was certain that this was the case for him as well. We talked during playtime before school, we ate our lunches together, hung out during recess, walked home together after school (and sometimes stopping by the neighborhood firehouse to buy locally made twenty-five cent sodas). Our classroom conversations would draw our teachers—especially our sixth-grade teacher Mrs. Bryant—into one philosophical debate after another. We’d even get our other classmates Roger, Eric, Christopher, Anthony and Ronald to participate in our carping sessions. We were two goofy, nerdy tweeners who had yet to discover the need to lighten up. But this was our world, one in which this friendship could take root and grow.

By the time we reached Mrs. Bryant and sixth grade, a good portion of our conversations turned to Christianity. I guess that this was inevitable, given that Starling was the “son of a preacher man,” a Southern Baptist pastor. Starling wanted to see me baptized and saved, an official child of God and brother in Christ. My search was one of truth and God, and if Jesus was the one who could get me there then so be it. I didn’t feel the same sense of urgency for water immersion and John 3:16 as Starling did for me. I preferred our talks about Blondie, Queen, Pink Floyd, this “thing called rap,” Carter versus Reagan and Begin versus Sadat. And I knew that Christianity lay somewhere in my future. At least I thought it did at the time.

Of course, the re-emergence of my stepfather Maurice Washington and the whole Hebrew-Israelite thing put a temporary end to my Christian enlightenment in April ’81. Him and my mother had been separated for about six months (Apparently not separated enough, as she was pregnant with my younger brother Yiscoc, to whom she gave birth in July ’81 — you do the math). During that time, my idiot stepfather had discovered the ways of Yahweh and alleged that he was a changed man. It’s strange what just a couple of changes brought to my life. I lost many of my sixth-grade friends when I showed up to school with a kufi on my head near the end of April.

Starling stopped speaking to me immediately and entirely. We’d recently celebrated—prematurely I might add—Reagan being shot by John Hinckley, Jr. on the last Friday in March. Now our friendship was over. This was what our second fight was about, our friendship, my bizarre religion and my acceptance of it. I guess that Starling at twelve was definitely his father’s son. I could certainly understand Starling’s perspective on this. I’d betrayed him when I came to school and professed that I was a Hebrew-Israelite. Starling had been talking to me for months about becoming a Christian, a Baptist, and now here I was embracing Afrocentric Judaism, similar in many ways to the Nation of Islam and its variants in terms of its racial politics. The practitioners I’d been around tended to see Black Christians as “weak,” out of touch with “their heritage,” and as “worshiping the wrong God.” Starling couldn’t accept this. We ended up in our second and final fight. I was fighting for our friendship, literally. Starling beat me to end it.

I felt betrayed myself. I didn’t understand, at least at the time, why Starling was so upset and angry with me over the whole Hebrew-Israelite thing. He had turned his back on me at a time in which I needed his input the most. I still cared about the same things, thought about the same issues, and wanted someone that I could banter with about music and politics and religion. But given Starling’s background, even back then I realized that he thought that I was well on my way to hell. Starling and I saw ourselves as adults in many ways, so he assumed that I had made a free-will adult decision for becoming a Hebrew-Israelite when I walked into Mrs. Bryant’s class with a kufi on my head. He had no idea how much I was struggling with my mother and stepfather’s decision to make our family a Hebrew-Israelite one.

So I projected the outward appearance of supreme confidence and faith in Jehovah and this slant on the ten Lost Tribes of Israel, to protect myself from being hurt and to see if this whole Hebrew-Israelite thing really was for me. Not a good move going into middle school and the Humanities Program later that year. I had no idea how much worse my life was about to become in the two years between the end of my friendship with Starling and my family’s fall into welfare poverty, bumps, bruises, babies and concussions along the way.

It wasn’t until the end of eighth grade that Starling and I began exchanging Hi’s again. Even then, this was often forced. The only conversation I had with Starling after our fight was at the end of ninth grade, with him letting me know that he was moving with his family down South. Starling Churn left with his family for Wilmington, North Carolina in the summer of ’84, still believing I was well on my way to eternal damnation.

————————————————————–

I decided to contact Starling at the end of May ’03. It’d been nineteen years since I’d seen or heard from the man. I ran a Google search and, lo and behold, I found Starling with one try. Apparently Starling Churn’s a rare name, so rare that his name, address, phone number, and affiliation with Mount Vernon’s public schools came up on page one of my search result. It was almost too easy and left me with new questions. Like why was he back in Mount Vernon, what got him into teaching, does he still look the same, and why hasn’t he changed his name yet?
As I sent Starling my well-tailored one-page letter, I realized that I bore him no ill-will at all. It didn’t mean that I felt nothing. The eleven-year-old in me still felt disappointment and some sense of betrayal around the end of our friendship. Yet I also understood with Starling how much time, love, and forgiveness really could heal all wounds. After all, we were only eleven and twelve years old. You’d think that most of us could get over a bad experience that happened to us at eleven. Life and people, though, have taught me otherwise.

When Starling finally responded with a phone call at the beginning of July, it was a pre-Noah high that I’d been riding—my wife was due to give birth to my son almost any day that month. I wondered why it took five weeks for him to call, as well as why now. He called me on my cell in the middle of the workday, so I told him that we needed to talk at another, more convenient time. A couple of weeks later we were on the phone at the end of my workday, talking for the first time in nearly two decades.

We talked for nearly ninety minutes. It was a really good conversation at first. I found out about Starling’s long spiritual journey from traditional Baptist to non-denominational, spirit-filled Christianity. He learned about my conversion to Christianity as well, having assumed I was still a Hebrew-Israelite. I heard this relieved sigh coming out of my receiver, like I was a prodigal son somehow finding my way home. Both of our conversions occurred within a few months of each other in ’84, in his case right after moving to Wilmington, North Carolina.

According to Starling, I was “caught up” in a “cult.” He spoke of his shock in seeing “that hat” on my head when I came to school with my kufi for the first time. I’d “made my decision” regarding my spiritual future, Starling said. His statement made sense in a way. As far as we were concerned, we were both smart enough to make adult-level decisions regardless of the adults around us.

When I thought about what occurred between Starling and me, I realized that we were both extremely arrogant and gave ourselves too much credit for our intellectual abilities. We thought of ourselves as full-blown adults at a time when puberty had yet to kick in. Starling said that “our friendship was probably no different from other adolescent young men” and that “we both were aggressive outspoken young men.” True. But we both were obsessed with assessing our place in the universe, with understanding how we could connect to God, and in making sure that we didn’t die without having a relationship with God. How many tweeners—aside from Scott Stapp, the former lead singer of Creed—spent as much time as we did attempting to access God’s wisdom? It’s this kind of thinking that could just as easily lead someone to drug, alcohol, or even sexual addiction as it could to life as a monk or a priest. The yin and yang of piety and hedonism awaits those of us whenever a parent insists on religion as the answer to all things, without debate and without understanding. Especially when kids are involved and at such an impressionable age.

Starling’s rejection of me because of my “conversion” to the Hebrew-Israelites was as much a sign of him distancing himself from a heathen on his way to hell as anything else. And knowing how seriously Starling and his Baptist family took their relations with God, rejecting me was the only way he could maintain his spiritual cleanliness.

As for Starling, he said that he “didn’t really consider our friendship to have ended, but rather time and distances and our running in different circles precipitated some separation.” This was an interesting spin on what occurred. Didn’t we fight over my conversion? Our friendship’s end wasn’t exactly gradual. I don’t remember having anyone fill the void of “best friend” or even having a good friend for several years after our fight. Nor do I recall Starling and me having reconciled in any way prior to ninth grade, which was when he told me that his family was about to relocate.

Finding out in recent years that Starling had a spiritual reawakening at fourteen after his family had moved to Wilmington, North Carolina only confirms our overblown sense of ourselves and our lack of maturity. Especially around a subject as serious as salvation. Starling has since moved back to Mount Vernon, has married and become a father, is an ordained nondenominational minister and teaches in Mount Vernon’s public schools.

None of this is necessarily surprising. Yet Starling’s road back to Mount Vernon has cost him as well. His spiritual quickening at fourteen flew in the face of his family’s more traditional, non-gifts-of-the-Spirit beliefs. Based on our conversations, Starling and his father have yet to reconcile, and around this issue of religion, it probably won’t occur in this lifetime. It appeared that despite our differences and our different paths, Starling and I might have more in common around our understanding of Christianity now than we did as tweeners.

But when it came time to talk about our friendship’s end, Starling had let me down. I was disappointed that he didn’t feel comfortable enough to discuss what actually happened. As he described my “decision” to become a Hebrew-Israelite, I said, “I don’t know what you mean by ‘decision,’ I mean, come on, we were eleven.” I don’t think he heard me, because he then spoke of the relief that he had sighed of earlier over my becoming Christian. It was as if I was now worthy of his conversation because of my allegiance to the cross.

We continued to talk, to discuss his life as school teacher and ordained preacher. His monologue about the “need to help others,” to help “Black boys stay in school” and “find their way to God” stood out the most for me. It all sounded good. Given our history, it also sounded all too familiar and disturbing.

If I could change anything I did twenty-eight years ago, it would be going to school with a kufi on my head. I would’ve been better off wearing the Star of David than wearing that kufi, especially given my own ambivalence about my family’s bizarre religion. But I learned a lot from that experience. I learned how rare a real friendship is, how hard it is to find in another person acceptance and the ability to embrace new ideas, how difficult it is to overcome the pressures of our peers and the need to be cool in our American world.

Without Starling, I learned most of all how to be a loner, to be true to myself and what I believe, about people, about God, about people who’d become my friends after leaving Mount Vernon. I learned to find my own path, one that accounted for race and religion, academics and athletics, and class and politics, but didn’t let any one dominate my thinking about myself or others. This is hard, but I thank Starling anyway.

Desert Rose


I dream of rain/I dream of gardens in the desert sand
I wake in vain/I dream of love as time runs through my hand

I dream of fire/Those dreams are tied to a horse that will never tire
And in the flames/Her shadows play in the shape of a man’s desire

This desert rose/Each of her veils, a secret promise
This desert flower/No sweet perfume ever tortured me more than this…”

Leaving aside the fact that this borders on copyright infringement, why am I quoting from Sting’s “Desert Rose?” Because today’s the day my first “desert rose,” crush #1, turns forty. It’s a reminder that even as outer youth begins to fade, there’s a part of us that will always remain young, full of hope and dreams, and full of that youthful sense of romance and love. This isn’t an I-will-always-love-her kind of posting. For me, this is much more about how I see myself in love and in romance, with a muse like crush #1 as a backdrop.

I’ve always wondered why most of the world’s major religions can trace their roots to godly visions seen by men and women in the desert, why romantic poetry tends to come to people while traversing mountains, valleys and deserts, and why I’ve wondered about these things in the first place. The sense and vision of seeing something in myself and in others that is so different, so rare that I must sit down and write about it, or pace about and sing about it, or pass down stories from generation to generation about it. The desert’s the best place for it. Hallucinations, lack of water, plenty of life and death inspiration, a place of contemplation and romance, practicality and monotony, depending on what one’s doing and where in the desert they are and aren’t doing it.

The spring of ’82 for me was a lot of things, and I’ve talked about my last year of tweeness in greater detail than I have about almost anything else in this blog. But above all else, I was in my own desert, one created by me, my family, and Mount Vernon. I couldn’t possibly have made my year any worse if I’d shown up to school naked or been left for dead by my stepfather in a back alley somewhere. At least that’s I thought over the course of the year. I was confused about so much regarding who I was and who I wanted to become. If I’d been wise beyond my years, I would’ve realized that “I don’t know” would’ve been the best answer to any question anyone had asked me in seventh grade. From the inside out, I felt as bare as our kitchen cupboards were for much of that year.

Then crush #1 happened. She was my little mental and emotional oasis in a world otherwise gone hot and mad. It was a mirage, at least it seemed that way at the time. I knew then that there was no way that she would ever like me even half as much as I liked her, even if I had the dancing skills of Savion Glover and Mikhail Baryshnikov combined. Though a boy like me could dream, right? And daydream. And not just in the spring of ’82. I lived for the rest of the decade, even when otherwise preoccupied with other women, other crises, with my image of crush #1 as the place in my heart that would remain unsullied by the cares of this world, a place where only God could reach me. She remained my dreamy desert rose.

There’s still a twelve-year-old inside this nearly forty-year-old body of mine. I’m not looking for crush #1, for that young woman no longer exists, even in the woman that was her some twenty-seven years ago. It would be nice if I could get into a time machine and travel back to the summer of ’81, shake some sense into myself, and give the twelve-year-old me enough courage and humility to approach crush #1. That’s a pipe dream or — more to the point of this post — like “writing on the surface of a lake” (talk about mixing metaphors and Sting lyrics). A futile effort to recreate my emotional Big Bang. It echoes in my heart and head, but it only seems accessible in my dreams. Luckily, I don’t hold my wife or any other woman to those kind of emotional standards. That much passion can be dangerous and addictive.

In finishing up my World History course this semester, I’m reminded of the history of romantic poetry. In a lecture earlier this semester, I talked about the long history of the longing romantic song or poem. That you could start with Aryan nomads who made their way across the Hindu-Kush into South Asia some 3,500 years ago, bringing with them a spoken word tradition of songs about women whom they loved but yet were about as attainable as a sand storm in the middle of a desert. You’d then move on to Arab Muslim contact with the Indus River valley region some 1,500 years ago, adopting a Vedic tradition and turning it into written words and songs, among them The Book of One Thousand and One Nights (or 1,001 Arabian Nights). Fast-forward past the Crusades and you might find yourself in the age of European chivalry, including French poetry that combined the sacred and (at least for the 13th century) profane. Even in the love stories and pop music of today, there’s still this theme of unattainable, unrequited love, like a mirage of an oasis in the middle of the desert.

Despite all of the unique trimmings of poverty, domestic violence, my own struggles with my identity, and the whole Hebrew-Israelite thing, my story here is merely one as old as human desire itself. Whether young or old, male or female, gay or straight, and regardless of culture, there is that desert rose that is there but it isn’t. It’s the faint odor of that timeless oasis flower that is both rare in all of our lives, “the sweet intoxication” of romance, passion, love and inspiration that we all need in life. After all of these years, the memory of the one I call crush #1 does provide inspiration. If only because I can see myself in all of my boyish immaturity and imperfectness and realize that those “desert rose” moments are what makes life worth living. It made my life worthwhile back in the days where there wasn’t much else.